The key shift in European security and defence is that cooperation has become more pragmatic, ad hoc, and diffuse, both in terms of institutional setup and leadership. At the same time, the balance of ...

Cyber, space, and artificial intelligence (AI) are pivotal research fields in contemporary security studies and on the modern battlefield. Cyber has taken on heightened significance as offensive cyber ...

Military technology is advancing at a speed that established defence institutions struggle to match. Drones, AI, and autonomous systems can evolve within months, while doctrine, procurement, and force ...

Gorana Grgić and Daniel Möckli place this year’s edition of Strategic Trends in the context of profound changes in the international order, characterized by shifting power balances, increasing rivalry ...

The Ukrainian military situational awareness platform Delta (Дельта) is at the heart of this CSS report. Initially developed in 2015 by Aerorozvidka (Аеророзвідка – then military unit A2724), the ...

The establishment of the Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe (CSCE) was a long-standing Soviet idea that gained traction in the 1970s. From 1973 to 1975, East and West engaged in a ...

Space systems are an integral part of modern war fighting. Militaries use them to conduct everything from reconnaissance to communications and data transfers, mission planning, and maintain ...

Armenia will hold parliamentary elections on 7 June 2026. A stronger strategic focus on Europe appears to be favoured by most contestants, but pragmatic relations with Russia are also regarded as ...

Any analyst writing about Donald Trump’s presidency faces a choice: treat his actions as personal idiosyncrasies or place them in a broader theoretical frame. This analysis considers both. The past ...

The Center for Security Studies’ annual flagship publication, Strategic Trends, identifies key developments shaping international politics and global order. Today’s geopolitical landscape is marked by ...

Reports and information disclosures by threat intelligence providers, government agencies, think tanks, and online hacktivists have exposed China’s elaborate multifaceted “hack-for-hire” ecosystem ...

The IT Army of Ukraine was stood up in an ad-hoc manner without a clearly structured and proven plan. Born out of necessity, the IT Army subsequently evolved into a hybrid construct that is neither ...